How to apply for a court order about the arrangements for your children without the help of a lawyer

This guide is for you if you are a parent and you disagree with your child’s other parent or other family members about things like:

• where your child lives,
• who they live with and when,
• how often they see the parent they don’t live with most of the time, and
• who else they should see.

You may have split up recently or years ago, shared a home or never lived together. Maybe you had an informal agreement between you about your children but it no longer works for some reason. It doesn’t matter what is behind your disagreement - this guide is still for you. This guide will also be useful if it is not you but your child's other parent or another family member who is applying for a court order.

It is also for people supporting others in this situation, for example Personal Support Unit volunteers, CAB volunteers, housing support workers, advice workers and court staff as well as relatives and friends.

What does this guide do?

It explains how to apply for a court order about the arrangements for your children. These orders are called child arrangements orders. A child arrangements order sets out who your child or children will live with in the future, who they will spend time or have contact with, and when these arrangements will take place.

It does not explain how to apply for an order for contact with your child if your child is in care – being looked after by the council. If your child is being looked after by your local council you can get free legal advice from a family law solicitor. 

The guide assumes that you will be applying for a court order yourself, without the help of a lawyer.

November 2019 

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It is totally normal to feel stressed, anxious, disappointed or angry about things not going the way you imagined for your family.

If you are going through a break up or you have been through one recently, you are probably going through a very stressful time. It's hard being a parent. You may be feeling that you can't cope or you want it all to go away. Most people have days when they feel like they want to go back to being a child themselves. This makes it hard to make any decisions. Be kind to yourself.

Sometimes your emotions around your breakup may get in the way of working out what is right for your children. There are a number of organisations who offer support and help for adults and children when they are dealing with family difficulties. You can find some listed in the section called More help and advice.

It may help to know:

• As parents, you share responsibility for sorting out arrangements for your children. It is up to you to make every effort to agree how you will bring them up. If talking is difficult, help is available.
• There is one court called the Family Court, which works in different places across England and Wales, and which deals with disagreements between separated families. These are not the same courts where people who are accused of doing something wrong go.
• In almost every case, courts expect both parents to see their children. This is because it is almost always in a child’s best interests to spend time with the parent they are not living with day to day. Sometimes (but not very often) courts make an order restricting or monitoring this time, for example, contact between a parent and child may be limited to letters, cards and presents. A court will only refuse to allow all contact in rare circumstances.
• If your child's other parent does not pay maintenance or pays late, that does not give you the right to stop them seeing the children. If your child's other parent stops you seeing the children, that does not give you the right to stop paying maintenance. These issues are not linked in this way, although people commonly think they are.
• A lot changes as children grow up. The arrangements you make now for your children may not be the right arrangements for them next year or in 5 years time. This is normal. Be ready to recognise this and adapt to meet the changing needs of your children.
• Whatever your situation, going to court is not the place to start. Before you apply for a court order about the arrangements for your children, the court requires you to find out about family mediation first, unless you can show that your case is exceptional (for example, where there has been violence or abuse between you).
• Family mediation is available whether you split up recently or years ago, shared a home or never lived together. Family mediation is not the same as ‘marriage guidance’ - it is not about getting back together. In fact it is the opposite - family mediation aims to help you to agree how you will live apart. In a situation where you cannot agree about the arrangements for your children, a family mediator can help you discuss possible solutions. But it is not the mediator who makes the decisions or agrees to a plan; it is you.
• If you do end up going to court, the court will be concerned to help you and your child's other parent agree things between you where possible. Courts prefer not to make a decision for you and think your own agreement is better in the long term for your children.
• If you represent yourself in any court proceedings without the help of a solicitor or barrister, then the law calls you a ‘litigant in person’. It is possible that you and your child's other parent are both litigants in person. You may also hear people talk about ‘self-representing’. This means the same thing.
• We talk about the court ‘doing’ things quite a lot in this guide. For example, the court may ‘send’ out a form, ‘make’ a decision or ‘think’ about something. It sounds a bit odd because most people think of a court as a place, a building. But ‘the court’ is often used to mean the people working in the court, whether they are a judge or court staff. And that’s how we use the term here and how you will probably hear other people use it too.
• We use the word ‘ex’ in this guide to mean your child’s other parent.

Legal aid is a government scheme to help people who live on a low income, have few savings and meet specific other criteria, pay for legal advice, representation and other help.

Legal aid is no longer available to pay for legal advice from a solicitor to help you apply for a court order about the arrangements for your children unless you can prove you have suffered domestic abuse or that your child is at risk of abuse from your ex.

Domestic violence and abuse is any controlling, coercive, or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse. The abuse may be psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional. If you think you might be in this situation there are organisations that can help you. See More help and advice - child arrangements

To apply for legal aid, you must be able to give your solicitor some evidence that you have suffered domestic abuse or that your child is at risk of abuse from your ex. For more help, see: Legal aid for victims of domestic violence

Legal aid is still available to pay for family mediation, without the need to provide evidence of domestic abuse. Eligibility for legal aid depends on your financial circumstances. You can check if you are financially eligible for legal aid here: Check if you can get legal aid

The law explains what a court needs to take into account when it makes a decision about your child. The court will consider your child’s welfare above all else. This is about trying to decide, sometimes in difficult circumstances, what is in your child’s best interests.

The law makes it clear that the court must only make an order if doing that is better for your child than making no order at all. You may hear lawyers call this the ‘no order principle’.

The court must also avoid any delay, where possible as it is generally agreed that delaying a decision is not usually good for children and can sometimes cause them harm. If it is important that the court makes a decision before a particular event takes place, for example, your child starts nursery or goes back to or changes school or moves to live with another family member, then the court should take this into account when they organise the hearing in your case.

The law gives the court a checklist of other things to think about when deciding what is best for your children. You may hear this called the 'welfare checklist'. These are the factors on the checklist:

Your child’s wishes and feelings

This does not mean that the court will do whatever your child says they want. But if your child is old enough to understand the questions they are asked and the court (with the help of a Family Court Advisor) can find out what they think, then it will consider what they say. For more information about Family Court Advisors see The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Cafcass or CAFCASS Cymru). The court will want to know that your child’s wishes and feelings are their own and have not been influenced by either of their parents. The court will pay more attention to the wishes and feelings of a child the older they are. In a few cases, the court may want to meet your child, or get a letter from them giving their views.

Your child’s physical, emotional and educational needs

This includes your child’s need for love and affection as well as for education, a home and food. It also includes things that can affect your child’s emotional well being. So if, for example, your proposals involve separating one child from his/her brother or sister, the court will consider how this will impact on their emotional needs. If you and your ex argue or resort to violence with your children around, again the court will take this into account.

The likely effect of any change in circumstances on your child

Change can be disruptive for children so the court will want to think about the effect on your child of any change you are suggesting, for example, in where they live or who they live or spend time with. Does the benefit of any change outweigh any possible negative effects?

The age, sex, background and any relevant characteristics of your child

This includes any cultural, religious or language needs as well as any disabilities.

Any harm your child has suffered or is at risk of suffering

Harm can mean ill treatment or damage to your child’s health or development, the impact caused by them seeing or hearing domestic violence or abuse or by preventing contact without a good reason. Can you protect your child from this kind of harm?

How capable you and the child’s other parent are of meeting your child’s needs

Do you have the skills to look after your child and meet their needs? If, for example, you have drug or alcohol problems and these problems affect your ability to meet your child’s needs then this is something the court will take into account.

The power of the court to make a different order from the one you have asked for

The fact you have asked for a particular order does not restrict what a court can do. The court’s view about what is best for your children may or may not be the same as yours. There is always a possibility that neither you nor your ex gets what you asked for. The court’s duty to protect a child is so important that if, for example, it thinks your child is at risk of possible significant harm it could ask the local council to get involved.

You can sort out the arrangements for your children by agreement at any time – either before or after you start court proceedings or without there being any court proceedings at all. Whether you manage to do this will depend partly on you and your ex’s attitude to solving your problems this way. Any agreement usually means being prepared to compromise – accepting less or giving more. But it may be worth doing this to avoid the uncertainty and expense of going to court.

If you are not willing to negotiate and reach an agreement about the arrangements for your children then you may have no choice but to go to court.

Reasons for agreeing the arrangements for your children:

• You decide what happens rather than somebody who does not know your child. √
• It can be less stressful. √
• It can be quicker. √
• It can be cheaper. √
• It can create more certainty about the outcome. √

There are many services available to help you resolve your differences and come to an agreement about the arrangements for your children. You can find a list of recommended services here Signposting services.

Parenting plans

A parenting plan is a written plan worked out following negotiation between you and your child’s other parent or other family members. It sets out your decisions about the everyday, practical issues to do with caring for your children including how you are going to communicate about the children, living arrangements, money, education, religion and healthcare. A parenting plan can be a useful way of making sure everyone involved knows what is expected of them and creating some certainty for the future.

For more information about parenting plans, the questions to ask and how to create one, see Parenting plan section on the Cafcass website. 

 Get some legal advice

If you can afford it, it can be very helpful to get some legal advice on your options at the start to help you negotiate with your ex and avoid court. 

Want more help?

Advicenow have teamed up with a selected group of solicitors to offer you help with this difficult part of the process at a more affordable price. Get expert advice for fixed fee.

Find out more

It might be that it is not you but your ex (or another family member) who has come to you talking about their view on how arrangements are not working. This can be hard to deal with if you are happy with how things are currently. 

But remember there are some really good reasons for trying to work things out together if you can: 

• You decide what happens rather than somebody whodoes not know your child.
• It can be less stressful.
• It can be quicker.
• It can be cheaper.
• It can create more certainty about the outcome.

Try talking to your ex and listening to what they have to say. If this is difficult you might ask a friend or family member that you both get on with to help you in some way. This could be by being there when you speak to keep things on track and calm or by speaking to each of you separately about what you think should happen. 

If your ex has suggested changes to the current arrangements for your child that you are not sure about or are definitely unhappy about then it would be really sensible to get some legal advice now about your position. This will help you work out how to respond to your ex's suggestion. 

Get some legal advice

Want more help?

Advicenow have teamed up with a selected group of solicitors to offer you help with this difficult part of the process at a more affordable price. Get expert advice for fixed fee.

Find out more

In this section we explain what you need to do before you start court proceedings.

Experience suggests that reaching an agreement yourselves is usually better than the court telling everyone what to do. You are more likely to be satisfied with the outcome and stick to the decisions you have made together. And children do better when their parents and relatives cooperate with each other.

Mediation Information and Assessment Meetings (MIAM)

Anyone thinking of going to court must attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) before making an application unless the requirement doesn't apply because, for example, they are applying for a consent order or are exempt.

This is true whether you are applying for a court order yourself without the help of a lawyer (you are a ‘litigant in person’) or you are represented by a lawyer and whether you have legal aid or not. 

The purpose of this meeting is to:

• give you information about how you might be able to sort out your disagreement without going to court; and
• assess whether mediation is a safe way for you and your ex (or other family members) to try and sort out your disagreement.

You need to contact an authorised family mediator to set up a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting. They will invite you to attend a MIAM either separately or together with your ex. You can find an authorised family mediator by searching here Family mediator search or here Find a legal adviser or family mediator.

What happens at a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting?

The meeting will probably last about 40-45 minutes. The mediator:

• Explains what family mediation and other forms of dispute resolution are and how they work.
• Explains the benefits of mediation, other forms of dispute resolution, and the likely costs.
• Answers any questions you have about your situation and how mediation might work for you.
• Assesses whether you are eligible for legal aid for mediation or will have to pay for it.
• Assesses whether mediation or other form of dispute resolution is suitable in your case.
• Completes the relevant part of the C100 form if you want to make a court application.

For more information about how these meetings work, see The assessment meeting (MIAM).

Mediation aims to help you communicate with one another now and in the future and to reduce any dispute and conflict within your family. Trained mediators can help you talk to each other and find solutions, even when it is hard. They are there to assist you both and can provide you with a safe and supportive environment where you can work out solutions together. But, nobody has to use mediation. Once you have been to the Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting, you or the family mediator may decide there are reasons why mediation will not work for you. This may be because there has been domestic abuse in your relationship. It may be that one or more of you have a drug or alcohol problem or a mental illness. That problem or illness may create such a big risk that it isn’t safe for mediation to take place.

Circumstances when you don’t have to attend a MIAM

There are some circumstances when you don’t have to attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting. For example, if your application is urgent, you have already tried mediation in the last 4 months or where there has been domestic abuse between you.

You can find the full list of circumstances in which you can ask the court to agree that you don’t have to attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (the law calls this ‘claiming an exemption’) here MIAM exemptions.

If you want to claim exemption from attending a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting, there is a section of the C100 application form you must complete if or when you apply for a court order. 

How much does it cost to go to a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting?

Charges vary from one mediation service to another and often according to your gross annual income. When you phone a family mediator to arrange a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting, ask about how much they charge. Some make no charge for the Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting itself but charge for completing the relevant section of the C100 form.

If either you or your ex is entitled to legal aid then the initial Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting, completing the relevant part of the C100 form and the first mediation session are free for both of you. After that, any further mediation sessions will only be free for the person who has legal aid. You may also be able to get legal aid for help from a solicitor during the mediation process. If you are the person who isn't eligble for legal aid, you will have to pay for any mediation sessions after the first one.

You must take documents proving what your income is and what savings you have to the first meeting. Take a look at the National Family Mediation website to see what evidence you need to take or ask the mediation service what evidence of your income they need to see in more detail. Without this evidence you risk getting charged because the service won’t be able to assess your eligibility for legal aid.

Forms and rules

You can find Form C100 here Application form for a child arrangements, prohibited steps or specific issue order (C100) There is a checklist and information notes at the back to help you complete the form.

You can find the same form in Welsh and English here Application form for a child arrangements, prohibited steps or specific issue order (C100) (Welsh/English version)

You can find the Child Arrangements Programme here Child arrangements programme.

You can look at the court guidance about Mediation Information and Assessment Meetings (MIAMs) here Practice direction 3A - Mediation Information and Assessment Meetings.

For more information about making an application, see court leaflet CB1 Making an application - children and the family courts.

For more more information about the court process, see court leaflet CB7 Guide for separated parents: children and the family courts (CB7).

Whether you are using a solicitor or doing it yourself, it’s useful to have an understanding of what is involved in a typical application for a child arrangements order. Even though your case may be different, we hope this example makes the process seem a bit less daunting.

You will come across lots of new technical words. This is the jargon that lawyers and court staff use. We think there's no getting around it - you have to understand what it means too. We explain these words here: What does it mean?

The story so far.......Pat and Mo have 2 children - one is 7 years old and the other is 5. Pat and Mo no longer live together. Mo looks after the children on a day to day basis. Pat used to see the children regularly but Mo is now telling him that his visits unsettle the children and that he cannot see them for the time being. Pat suggests they visit a family mediator but Mo is not willing to do this.

This is a step by step description of how Pat applies for a child arrangements order.

START
1. Pat finds a family mediator, asks about their charges and arranges a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting with them. For information about how to find a family mediator, see More help and advice.

2. The mediator invites both Mo and Pat to attend this meeting but only Pat goes along. At the end of the meeting the mediator fills in part of the C100 form and gives it to Pat. You can find more information about this form in our extended guide.

3. Pat fills in the rest of the C100 form as fully as possible and signs and dates it. It is very important Pat provides all the information the form asks for about Mo including details of her previous addresses for the last 5 years. If he doesn't, this will hold up his case.

4. Pat goes to his local library and makes 3 photocopies of the completed C100 form.

5. Pat checks whether the family court charges a fee for this kind of application and whether he is eligible to get help paying the fee. For information about court fees, see Going to court - the basics.

6. Pat sends the original C100 form and 3 copies to the family court. He includes a cheque for the correct court fee. (If Pat does not have a bank account he can send a postal order instead or take the forms to the court and pay the fee in cash.)

7. The court issues the proceedings and sends Pat a copy of his application together with a Notice of hearing. This tells Pat when and where the first meeting with a judge will take place.

8. The court serves a copy of the C100 form together with a Notice of hearing, Directions on issue and Acknowledgement form (Form C7) on Mo. You can find more information about these forms in our extended guide.

9. The court sends a copy of Pat’s application to Cafcass or CAFCASS Cymru. A Cafcass officer checks to see whether the council or the police have any knowledge or worries about the children and also speaks to both parents separately on the phone. The court also tells Pat and Mo if there is anything else they need to do before the first hearing. Cafcass stands for Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. Cafcass operates in England and CAFCASS Cyrmru in Wales. For more information see The Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Cafcass or CAFCASS Cymru).

10. Pat and Mo go to the family court for the First Hearing Dispute Resolution Appointment (FHDRA). They don’t take the children with them as they are too young to attend court. (At this first meeting, a judge and a Cafcass officer (in Wales, a Welsh Family Proceedings Officer) will talk to Pat and Mo about what it is they cannot agree about. They will also discuss whether mediation is suitable for them and could help them reach an agreement about the arrangements for their children.)

11. Pat and Mo cannot agree about allowing Pat to see the children and so the judge makes directions instead. The judge tells both Pat and Mo to write a statement setting out their views and gives them a deadline for doing this. The judge also asks the Cafcass officer to prepare a report and make a recommendation and fixes a date for the next hearing, a Dispute Resolution Appointment.

12. Pat and Mo write their statements and file them at court in good time before the deadline. They each send a copy of their statement to the other, and the Cafcass officer.

13. The Cafcass officer visits Pat and Mo separately, meets the children and writes a report recommending that Pat spends time with the children once during the week and has them to stay every other weekend.

14. At the Dispute Resolution Appointment, the judge explains to Mo that the Cafcass report recommends that the children spend time with Pat, and that this is likely to influence the judge’s decision if the case goes to a final hearing. The judge encourages Mo and Pat to reach an agreement in line with the report’s recommendation. Despite the Judge’s encouragement, Mo and Pat still cannot agree.

15. At the final hearing, Mo and Pat take it in turns to tell the judge what they are finding difficult to agree and what result they are looking for.

16. The judge discusses the recommendation in the Cafcass report with Pat and Mo.

17. Mo and Pat each decide that they will go along with the Cafcass officer’s recommendation.

18. The court makes an order.

19. The court gives Mo and Pat a copy of the order before they leave court.

FINISH

In this section we explain which court to use, where you can find the forms you will need and information about court fees and court rules (Family Procedure Rules). We also talk about how much it could cost and how long it may take.

Which court?

You can apply to any Family Court but you will probably want to apply to the one nearest to the children. You can find the contact details and opening times of all courts here Find the right court or tribunal.

How long will the case take?

It is hard to say, but the length of a case is likely to depend on the number and complexity of things you disagree about. But the court is very aware that any delay in decisions affecting children is not good. So, most cases take several weeks or months rather than years.

Forms

Your family court will have the forms you need and should give you a copy for free, if you go in and ask. Otherwise you can find the forms you need here Search for court forms and leaflets.

We will try and help by including a link to those forms that are most relevant in this guide. Where the form is also available in the Welsh language, we include a second link.

Most court forms seem a bit intimidating when you first look at them. A large part of most form filling involves giving factual information. Read though each form a couple of times to find out what information it asks for. Then get together the information you need before you start filling it in. Once you have done this, the job may turn out to be a bit easier than you first thought. It is unnecessary to use long words and legal language. The best thing is to keep it short and simple. Stick to what is relevant and try not to repeat yourself.

How much it will cost?

How much it costs you will totally depend on whether you deal with all the paperwork yourself or pay a lawyer to do some or all of it for you. Lawyers charge for their time. So, usually, every time you write, email or phone, they will charge you for the time they spend reading what you say, thinking about what advice to give you and giving you that advice. The more often you contact them, the more time they spend negotiating on your behalf or representing you at court hearings, the greater the cost – to you.

If you use a lawyer, the key is to use their time carefully. So prepare a list of the points you want to make and questions you want to ask before you speak to them. Legal costs can quite easily add up to thousands of pounds. This is one reason why the court encourage people to mediate and reach an agreement either without going to court at all or if you end up in court, at each hearing you attend.

Some lawyers offer packages of legal services for a fixed fee. Sometimes these services include a free first meeting. We suggest you ring round or email several to check what they offer for the price they are quoting. What will they do for you? What do they expect you to do?

You can also pay for a lawyer to give you a specific piece of advice or do a specific task. So, for example, you could decide to pay them just to prepare your application. If so, ring round and ask for a quote for doing this job. You might want to pay them to be available on the phone on the date of the first hearing to answer your queries or to represent you at the final hearing. Some firms offer a pay as you go option so you don't get any nasty surprises when it comes to paying your bill. 

Another option to help you stay on top of your costs is our Affordable Advice scheme. While reading this guide you will have seen that, at various points, we suggest you get some legal advice if you can possibly afford it. We only do this when we think it will be really useful. We set out clearly what the solicitor can advise you on and how much it will cost you. There are no hidden extras. For more information on this scheme take a look at Expert help from our panel of family solicitors.

You could also consult a barrister directly without having to involve anyone else (for example, a solicitor). For information about the Public Access scheme, see Public access to barristers.

You should only have to pay for your own costs (not your ex’s as well) unless the court decides you have run your case unreasonably. That might include not doing what the court has ordered, failing to turn up for hearings, misleading the court or your ex or continuing to make unreasonable arguments.

Family court fees

You usually have to pay a family court fee when you start proceedings about the arrangements for your children. the court calls this 'issuing proceedings'. For information about family court fees and when and how to pay them, see Civil and Family Court Fees.

You may not have to pay a fee at all or only a reduced fee if you have a low income. For example, you will not pay anything if you can prove that you get Income Support, income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance, Pension Credit guarantee credit, Universal Credit with gross annual earnings of less than £6,000, or income-related Employment and Support Allowance and your savings or other capital don’t go over certain limits.

You can ask for help paying court fees by completing form EX160. You can find this form here Apply for help with fees and notes to help you complete the form correctly here How to apply for help with fees. For a Welsh/English version of the form see Form EX160 (Welsh/English version) and of the notes see How to apply for help with fees (EX160A - Welsh/English version).

You have to complete a separate application for each court fee you want help paying. This may mean you have to complete this form more than once during your case.

You can work out if you are likely to be eligible by using the online Fee Remissions Contribution Calculator (EX 160C). To find this calculator, type ‘EX160C’ into the search box at Search for court forms and leaflets.

Family procedure rules

These rules explain what you need to do when. You may hear lawyers talk about the ‘FPR’. What they are referring to are these rules. You need to follow the ones that apply to your case. You can find the rules here: Family procedure rules

A quick look will probably just confirm your worst fears; there are loads of them. And an individual rule often comes with one or more additional bits of guidance, called ‘practice directions’. The good news is that only a few rules and practice directions are likely to apply to your case, unless it is very complicated. So it is not like a book, you don’t have to start at the beginning and read all the way through to the end. You need to pick out the rules that are relevant to your case. We will try and help you do this by including any key rules in this guide.

Top tips

In order to access the advice at this reduced price you need to have read all the guidance in our extended guide (available to buy above).Buy our extended guide for more information about who can apply for this kind of court order, how you apply, what forms you must fill in, how you will know you have successfully started your case, who you have to tell about your application and what happens next.

Here's a brief overview of what's involved:

Checklist for starting an application for a child arrangements order

• Identify the right forms for your case (C100 or C2? +C1A? +C8?)
• Read them through to find out what information they ask for.
• Collect any information you need, for example, a copy of a previous court order about your child or children, previous addresses in the last 5 years.
• Answer all the questions that apply to you.
• Fill in your contact details correctly.
• Sign and date the form.
• Work out how many copies of the completed forms you need. If you are not sure, ask the court office.
• Attach any Parenting Plan you have completed in the past or any summary of the progress you are making with producing a Parenting Plan.
• Make the required number of copies of the completed forms.
• Copy any previous court orders about your children.
• Attach the correct court fee or completed form EX160 applying for help with fees to your application.
• Send or take your application and other documents together with the correct number of copies to the family court.

Forms and rules

You can find form C100 here: Application form for a child arrangements, prohibited steps or specific issue order (C100) There is a checklist and information notes at the back to help you complete the firm fully. You can find the same form in Welsh and English here: Application form for a child arrangements, prohibited steps or specific issue order (C100) (Welsh/English version)

You can find form C2 here: Form C2  You can find the same form in Welsh and English here: Form C2 (Welsh/English version)

You can find form C1A here: Form C1A You can find the same form in Welsh and English here: Honiadau o niwed a thrais yn y cartref (Ffurflen C1A)

The Confidential contact details form (Form C8) is here: Form C8 - Confidential contact details You can find the same form in Welsh and English here: Manylion cyswllt cyfrinachol (Ffurflen C8)

For more information about making an application, see court leaflet CB1: Making an application - children and the family courts

For more information about the court process, see court leaflet CB7: Guide for separated parents: children and the family courts (CB7)

Get some legal advice

If you can afford it, it will be very helpful to get some legal advice before you take the plunge and take your application to the family court. In order to get advice from our panel at our fixed price you need to read our extended guide so that you can make the most of your time with a solicitor on our panel.

Want more help?

Advicenow have teamed up with a selected group of solicitors to offer you help with this difficult part of the process at a more affordable price. Get expert advice for fixed fee.

Find out more

Everyone tends to think their own case is urgent but as far as the court is concerned only a very few cases really are.

The court will only treat a case as urgent if there is a risk to the life, liberty or physical safety of you or your family, a risk to your home, or any delay would cause

• a risk of harm to your child,
• a risk your child might be removed unlawfully from the UK
• a significant risk of a miscarriage of justice,
• you to suffer unreasonable hardship, or
• problems in dealing with the dispute that could not be fixed later (for example, the loss of significant evidence).

Normally the court will not make any decisions without hearing from both you and your ex (or other family member). If your case is urgent, the court may be prepared to make an order without first telling your ex about the hearing or giving them a chance to have their say. The law calls this ‘without notice’.

But the court will only do this if:

• giving notice would allow your ex the time to take steps to defeat the purpose of the order, or
• it is so urgent that there has been literally no time to give notice even by telephone, text or e-mail, or
• giving notice would expose you or your child to an unnecessary risk of physical or emotional harm.

The court might accept that your case is urgent but still want to give your ex an opportunity to have their say. If so, the court might wait for short while so that your ex (or whoever the respondent is) can be given a chance to come to the hearing. There may not be time to give them the amount of warning usually required (you may hear this called ‘full notice’) and so the court may shorten the notice period.

If the court does make an order without notice, it will arrange a further hearing to give your ex (or other family member) a chance to have their say. If you are not the applicant and you were not given notice of a hearing, you have the right to ask the court to reconsider the order it made. You must do this straight away by writing to the court. You must also tell the applicant that you have asked the court to reconsider the order.

You apply for an urgent hearing by ticking the box on Form C100 against the question: Is an urgent hearing or without notice hearing required? You must also complete the relevant sections of the form explaining the urgency and claiming exemption from attending a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting.

Get some legal advice

If you can afford it, it will be very helpful to get some legal advice on whether or not you need to make an urgent application to the family court.

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For step by step guidance on how to respond if you've been sent a copy of your ex’s application for an order about the arrangements for your children, buy our extended guide.

Get some legal advice

If you can afford it, it will be very helpful to get some legal advice on the application you have received before you decide how you want to respond. In order to get advice from our panel at this fixed price you need to read our extended guide, so that you can make the most of your time with a solicitor on our panel. You can buy it above. 

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In this section we explain what the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service is and what they do.

There are two of these services - one in England and one in Wales. The service in England is called ‘Cafcass’ which is short for the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service: Cafcass (England). In Wales the organisation is called CAFCASS Cymru: Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) Cymru. Both organisations provide advice and support to help the family court and families make decisions in the best interests of children.

A Cafcass officer (in Wales, a Welsh Family Proceedings Officer) - sometimes also called a Family Court Advisor - is a specialist social worker whose job is to help you agree the arrangements for your children if possible, carry out safeguarding enquiries and, if asked by the judge, write a report for the court about your children’s needs.

Cafcass have produced some short videos on YouTube to help families understand who they are what they do. The video Cafcass - who is Cafcass and what we do is a good place to start.   

Once they get a copy of your application, Cafcass or CAFCASS Cymru will carry out safeguarding checks (you may also hear these called ‘screening checks’ or 'enquiries') to make sure your child is safe and not at risk of harm. This is the process of asking for, receiving and closely inspecting information about the adults and children involved in your application.

A Cafcass officer (in Wales, a Welsh Family Proceedings Officer) carries out enquiries by:

• looking at your application form to see if you have ticked any of the boxes to say that you are concerned about the risk of harm to your child or children. (Sometimes even if you haven’t ticked any of these boxes, there may be something in your application that suggests there could be a risk. So, for example, if you mention that your children’s father is about to be released from prison, they will probably look into this further.)
• looking at the C1A form (if you have filled one in) and deciding whether they think there is a genuine risk of harm.
• checking whether the police or council have been involved with you, your ex, or your family and if they have any concerns about either parent.

Before the Cafcass officer finalises their enquiries they will usually try and speak to you and the respondent. The Cafcass officer will write a letter to the court to tell the court the results of their enquiries. You might hear this letter being called a Schedule 2 letter. If the Cafcass officer speaks to you or the respondent before they send this letter to the court they will include what you say in this letter. So, if you can, it is a good idea to really think about the most important things you want to say to the Cafcass officer before they call you.

This information is provided to the court, usually in time for the first hearing. Cafcass or CAFCASS Cymru will usually give this information to you too. If they don’t then the court will tell you what’s in the information unless it thinks that doing this might create risks for you or your ex (or other family member) or your child or children. The short video called What happens after I receive a letter tells you what to expect when you first hear from Cafcass. 

If the judge asks, a Cafcass officer will write a report for the court about your children’s needs. The judge may ask the Cafcass officer to focus on one or more particular issues which you disagree about.

Cafcass have made a short video Working with you and your children, which you can find on YouTube, about what to expect if the court orders that a Cafcass officer needs to write a report about your family.

When a Cafcass officer is asked to write a report about your case they will speak to all the important people in your child’s life, including you and your ex of course. This could be other family members, neighbours, teachers, nursery staff, support workers etc. Their aim is to find out what is happening for your child now and what is in your child’s best interests going forward. They will then make recommendations on what care arrangements should be put in place for the future for your child. They will use the welfare checklist (which you can find in What the court takes into account when making its decision) to help them make their recommendations to the court.

Working with the Cafcass officer in your case

Even if the court does not ask Cafcass to do a detailed report about your family you will still speak or meet with a Cafcass officer right at the start of your case. The Cafcass officer will usually call you and your ex as part of their enquiries before the hearing and also speak to you both at the first hearing.

At your first hearing it is highly likely the Cafcass officer will have other families to meet too and you will have to wait to be seen. After you have both spoken to the Cafcass officer there will be time to go into the court room with your ex and the Cafcass officer who will report back to the judge. The judge will then decide if the Cafcass officer needs to carry on being involved in the case or not.

This can be a nerve-racking time for everyone involved. Here are our top tips for working well with your Cafcass officer.

Get some legal advice

We have set out lots of information about Cafcass above but if you want to talk through your particular case, one of our panel of Resolution members can do this.

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In this section we explain what happens at the first meeting (called a hearing) you have with a judge. The name given to this hearing by the court is the First Hearing Dispute Resolution Appointment or FHDRA. You may hear court staff and lawyers call it this, or they might just call it the first hearing.

Before the first hearing

In some cases you may be told to do something before you go to court for the first hearing - if so you will receive an order from the court. For example, you may have to provide a summary explaining what progress you and your ex have made in producing a Parenting Plan or attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting if you have not been to one, and the Judge decides that you have wrongly claimed that you don't have to attend one. 

The first hearing

The first hearing usually takes place about 4-6 weeks after you start your case. You and the respondent must both attend. If you don’t turn up, the court can refuse your application or go ahead without you. It the respondent does not turn up, the court can go ahead as long as it thinks the respondent knew about the hearing. If neither of you attend, the court may refuse your application.

The hearing usually lasts between 30 minutes and 1 hour. You will meet a judge or, often, a panel of three magistrates, and a Cafcass officer (in Wales, a Welsh Family Proceedings Officer). They will want to be clear what you agree about and where you disagree. They will try and help you find a solution to some or all of the issues you can’t agree about. The Cafcass officer will try and talk to each of you before the hearing.

This short film explains what happens at the first hearing: Attending the first hearing 

The court will decide whether:

• your child should be involved in the proceedings, and if so how,
• it needs a report from the Cafcass officer or from the local authority (if a local authority has been involved in your family’s life),
• it needs expert evidence, for example, from a child psychologist,
• you and the respondent must prepare and file a statement. You can find more information about how to prepare a statement in our extended guide,
• a fact finding hearing should take place. This is a special hearing which the court may arrange so that a judge can decide whether there is any truth in the allegations of domestic violence or abuse made by either of you. This hearing will be arranged if the judge considers that the allegations (if true) would be likely to affect the final decision of the court and there is no other way of dealing with the case properly,
• to make an interim order, about what should happen in the short term for the care of your children, before a final order can be made,
• to postpone (the law calls this 'adjourn') the case, for example, to allow a MIAM to take place or to give you time to complete a parenting plan or the opportunity to attend mediation,
• to ask HM Courts and Tribunals Service to produce a bundle, if both parties involved in the dispute are litigants in person,
• to arrange a Dispute Resolution Appointment or a final hearing or
• to make a final order.

If the court cannot make a final order, it will make an order for directions. This is a list of instructions telling you and your ex (or other family member) what to do and when. This is how the court manages the case to make sure it progesses.

If possible, the court will give you a copy of the order it makes before you leave the courtroom. If there are things in it you do not understand, say so, politely. You should know if there is going to be another hearing in your case and the date, time and location of that hearing before you leave the court. If you don’t, make sure you ask. 

You can find a link to the court rules about the First Hearing Dispute Resolution Appointment (FHDRA) here Practice direction 12B - First Hearing Dispute Resolution Appointment (FHDRA).

Involving children

The judge will think about how your child should be involved in any decision made. Depending on how old they are, their wishes and feelings must be considered. Often a Cafcass officer or social worker will do this by talking to your child. Sometimes a child might want to write a letter to the judge or meet them. The judge will ask for your views about this. If the judge does talk to your child they won’t ask them what they want to happen. Instead it’s an opportunity for your child to see that the judge has understood their wishes and feelings. It is also allows your child to see the place where important decisions are being made about them and meet the person making them. The judge will also want to think about how your child should be told about the decision once it is made. It may be that you or your ex can do that or perhaps a Cafcass officer or social worker will do it if that would make things easier for your child.

Consent orders

It is very common for arrangements for the children to be sorted out by negotiation and agreement at the first hearing.

The details of what you have agreed will be recorded and approved by the court. If the court thinks you can stick to what you have agreed, it may decide not to make a court order at all, even an order that you both agree to (a consent order). However the court will make an order if it thinks that would be best for your child or children.

Who can come to the hearing

The first hearing (and any later hearings in your case) will be held in private. However, that doesn’t stop you bringing a friend or family member along to court with you for moral and practical support. If you want them to go into the actual court hearing with you, you will have to ask the judge. Sometimes that will be okay, especially if you can explain why it would help you for them to be in court with you. But be prepared for the judge to say no, in which case they will have to wait outside for you.

You can take someone into the hearing with you if you want them to act as your McKenzie friend but they will not be able to speak on your behalf. They will almost certainly need to tell the Judge who they are, and a little about themselves. A McKenzie friend can act as your eyes and ears for you during the hearing, for example, by taking notes and reminding you of things you want to say to the judge. They should have no personal involvement in the case. Tell the judge as soon as possible if you want someone to take on this role. If you would like to read more about what McKenzie friends can and cannot do you can look the Practice Guidance: McKenzie Friends (Civil and Family Courts).

The judge can ask your McKenzie friend to leave the court if they behave in a way that interferes with the court doing its job, for example, if they make loud comments.

Rules about whether the media are allowed to be at your court hearing

There are strict rules about whether and when the media are allowed into court in family cases. For information about whether and when the media can attend the hearing about the arrangements for your children, see Can the media attend my court case?

Here is the same leaflet in Welsh/English: EX 711 A gaiff y cyfryngau fynychu fy achos llys?

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If you are unable to reach agreement at the first hearing, it may be that the court will postpone (the court calls this 'adjourning' the case) so a report can be prepared by Cafcass or for other evidence to be obtained. When this further information is available, the judge may ask you to attend court for a Dispute Resolution Appointment. At this hearing the judge will explore with you again whether you and your ex (or other family member) may be able to agree arrangements for your children. It is generally better if you can agree things between you rather than have a court impose an order on you.

If you are unable to reach agreement, the judge will order that the case is listed for a final hearing.

The judge can do a number of things at a Dispute Resolution Appointment, for example:

• identify the key issue(s) that need to be decided and how far they can be sorted out at this hearing;
• consider whether your case can be dealt with and finished at this hearing;
• listen to the evidence as a way of resolving or narrowing down the areas of disagreement (the law calls these ‘issues’) between you;
• identify what evidence there is on the areas of disagreement which remain to be sorted out at the final hearing;
• give final case management directions. These can include instructions about what further evidence you must file, whether you must file a statement, whether you need a file containing the relevant papers for the hearing and the date of the final hearing.

You can find the court rule about Dispute Resolution Appointments here: Practice direction 12B - Dispute Resolution Appointment

Get some legal advice

If you didn’t get any legal advice before the first hearing, it would be really sensible to get some now before you attend the Dispute Resolution Appointment.

Want more help?

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Get some legal advice 

If you can afford it, it will be very helpful to get some legal advice on what evidence would help support your case. Evidence can come from different places and in different forms. For example, a paternity test, drug and alcohol testing, or a statement from you or a witness who supports your case.

In order to get advice from our panel at this fixed price you need to buy and read our extended guide so that you can make the most of your time with a solicitor on our panel.

Want more help?

Advicenow have teamed up with a selected group of solicitors to offer you help with this difficult part of the process at a more affordable price. Get expert advice for fixed fee.

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In this section we explain what a final hearing is, what happens in it and how to get ready for it.

The final hearing is when a judge hears the evidence and makes a decision. But this only happens if you cannot reach an agreement yourselves. People often think that the judge will run the hearing; that the judge will ask their ex questions, give them a hard time or unpick the evidence to get at the truth. Judges will help where they can (particularly if they think that you are struggling) but if you are the person who applied, generally you have to be prepared to take the lead.

Judges vary in how they start a final hearing. They should explain what is going to happen and put you at your ease. The judge may invite you to speak, or not. They may just expect you to stand up and start. If you are not sure what to do, just stand up and say something like, ‘Would you like me to start now?’ If you don’t know the judge’s name or how senior they are, it is best to call a man ‘Sir’ and a woman ‘Madam’.

Sometimes hearings take place in rooms rather than in courts and you may not need to stand up when speaking. If you're not sure about where you should sit and whether to stand or stay sitting when speaking, just ask the judge.

You and your ex will each have a chance to tell your story (the law calls this ‘giving evidence’). You will have to make a formal promise to the court to tell the truth (the law calls this ‘take an oath’ or ‘affirm’). Whoever is the applicant goes first and the respondent second. If your ex is represented by a lawyer, then the lawyer will get them to tell their story by asking them questions. When your ex finishes telling their story, you and the judge can ask them questions. When you finish telling your story, the judge (or your ex’s lawyer if they have one) can ask you questions. The Judge will help with asking questions where necessary. When you ask questions, make sure they are questions and not speeches.

If Cafcass or CAFCASS Cymru has prepared a report, the author of the report usually attends court for the final hearing. This will give you, your ex and the judge an opportunity to ask them questions about what the report says and the recommendations.

The judge decides what orders to make about the arrangements for your children and explains the reasons for their decision. Sometimes this will not happen on the same day as the full hearing because the judge needs more time to think about your case. In this situation you will be asked to come back to court another day. You won’t have to wait too long, maybe another week or so.

If you don’t turn up to the hearing, perhaps because you are feeling sick with nerves, it will usually still go ahead. To avoid this, try and get a friend to go with you. If you don’t go, it is likely that you will lose your case. If you have a good reason for not being able to get to court, it is really important that you phone the court office and ask them to get a message to the judge explaining the reason. The judge will then know that you are not simply avoiding the hearing. If you are genuinely too ill to attend court, you will have to provide a letter from your doctor to confirm this.

Getting ready for the hearing

Attending a full hearing

You may also find these court leaflets useful:

Your first time at court? What you can expect

Coming to a court hearing? Some things you should know

You can find a Welsh/English version of the leaflet Your first time at court? What you can expect here: Eich tro cyntaf yn y llys? Beth y gallwch ei ddisgwyl (EX370).

Top tips

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There are strict rules about who you can communicate with about your case.

Communication doesn’t just mean talking to someone. It includes, for example:

• talking
• texting
• tweeting
• blogging
• messaging
• emailing
• posting information on a website or online forum
• posting information on Facebook – whatever your privacy settings
• via any other social media or online tool
• phoning
• publishing something in a newspaper, magazine or book
• writing and posting a letter

For information about who you can communicate with about your case outside court, see EX710 Can I talk about my case outside court? A guide for family court users

You can find a Welsh language version of the same leaflet here EX710 A gaf i siarad am fy achos y tu allan I'r llys?

A statement is a written summary explaining your view of the background to the disagreement between you and your ex, what has caused you to come to court, what you want the court to do and why you think this would be best for your children.

Buy our extended guide for more information about when you have to prepare a statement, an example of a statement and top tips to help you write one yourself.

Get some legal advice

Your statement, (if you are asked by the court to prepare one), is a very important part of the evidence the court receives. If you would like help on how to prepare your statement and other evidence you can get this from one of our panel of expert solicitors. In order to get advice from our panel at this fixed price you need to read our extended guide so that you can make the most of your time with a solicitor on our panel.

There are many services available to help you resolve your differences and come to an agreement about the arrangements for your children. You can find a list of recommended services here: Signposting Services

Cafcass 

Cafcass (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service) work with children and their families, and then advise the courts on what they consider to be in the best interests of individual children. They have lots useful information on their website for parents and children.

How to find a family mediator

Ask friends and family for a recommendation or your solicitor if you have one. Or use the family mediator finder service provided here: Family mediator search. It is fine to phone around, ask how much they charge and compare prices. If you follow up a recommendation be sure to check the name of the mediator on the Family Mediation Council website to be sure they person recommended is accredited. 

How to find legal advice

Ask friends and family for a recommendation. You can also search here:

• Resolution is a membership organisation for family lawyers and other professionals committed to the constructive resolution of family disputes. You can find good family law solicitors and mediators near you on their website.
• Find a legal adviser or family mediator
• Find a solicitor in England and Wales

The Royal Courts of Justice Advice Bureau may be able to help you if you:

• live in England or Wales,
• have a case in the Family Court, High Court or Court of Appeal, and
• are not already represented by a solicitor or barrister.

To book an appointment please check their website: Royal Courts of Justice Advice Bureau for latest appointment details.

Coram Children’s Legal Centre offers a Child Law Advice Service where you can get free and confidential advice on specific questions you may have on family law and education law if you do not have legal representation.

The demand for the advice line is high, so they are only able to answer a limited number of calls. Therefore, make sure you read through the information on their website and only contact the support line with specific questions on the information provided. You can only get advice if you are a resident of England.

To contact them about a family law matter, call 0300 330 5480 or if you are contacting them about an education matter, call 0300 330 5485. Lines are available Monday-Friday between 8am-6pm. Calls will cost no more than calls to geographic (01 and 02) numbers and will be included in any inclusive minutes offered by your phone service provider.

They also offer a call-back service between 8am-5.30pm Monday-Friday. There is a charge of £25 for a 30 minute advice call and then an additional charge of an extra £10 for each additional 15 minutes. 

Help at court

Court staff may be able to explain court procedures and help you find a court form. They are not able to give you legal advice.

You can also search for court forms here: Search for court forms and leaflets

Support Through Court (previously the Personal Support Unit) helps people going through the court process without a lawyer. Volunteers at various courts around the country offer a free and confidential service. Support Through Court aims to help you manage your own case yourself. Support Through Court does not give legal advice or act for you, but can offer practical help such as going into your hearing with you, and help completing and filing your forms. Take a look at the Support Through Court website for more information and to see if their volunteers work at a court near you.

Child contact centres

Child contact centres are neutral places where children of separated families can spend time with the parent they don’t live with day to day and sometimes other family members, in a comfortable and safe environment. For more information, see National Association of Child Contact Centres: National Association of Child Contact Centres

Domestic violence and abuse

Always dial 999 in an emergency.

For support or to discuss your options you can call the National Domestic Violence Helpline on 0808 2000 247 or in Wales, Live Fear Free on 0808 80 10 800.

Both help lines are for anyone who is experiencing, or has experienced domestic abuse, or for anyone who is worried about domestic abuse happening to a friend, family member or colleague. It is free, confidential and the number will not show up on a BT telephone bill.

If you are a man and you or your children are affected by domestic violence or abuse you can contact the Men’s Advice Line on 0808 801 0327.

The DYN project provides support to men in Wales who are experiencing domestic abuse from a partner. You can contact them on 0808 801 0321.

The National Centre for Domestic Violence provides a free, emergency injunction service to survivors of domestic violence regardless of their financial circumstances, race, gender or sexual orientation. You can contact them on: 0800 970 2070. Alternatively you can text: NCDV to 60777 and they will call you back.

Galop runs a national helpline for lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans people experiencing domestic abuse. You can contact them on 0800 999 5428. 

You can find more information and support from:

Refuge 

Women’s Aid 

Welsh Women’s Aid 

Further information about your rights and places to get support

Gingerbread provides expert advice, practical support and other help for single parents. Single Parent Helpline: 0808 802 0925 Monday to Friday 9am until 1pm.

OnlyMums offers online support to parents going through divorce or separation.  The site has a free web chat facility and email exchange service.  OnlyMums and OnlyDads run the Family Law Panel, which links you up to specialist family law solicitors, barristers or mediators near you for a free initial conversation either on the phone or by email to help you work out how to go forward. 

OnlyDads offers online support to parents going through divorce or separation.  The site has a free web chat facility and email exchange service.  OnlyMums and OnlyDads run the Family Law Panel, which links you up to specialist family law solicitors, barristers or mediators near you for a free initial conversation either on the phone or by email to help you work out how to go forward. 

Relate offers emotional and practical support for people experiencing relationship problems. You can access a trained counsellor for free via their live chat service. They also have lots of information on a range of problems that can arise in relationships and families.

MATCH - mothers apart from their children is a charity that offers non-judgemental support and information to mothers apart from their children in a wide variety of circumstances. E-mail: enquiries@matchmothers.org. Helpline: 0800 689 4104 9am- 1pm and 7pm-9.30pm, Monday - Friday.

Family lives is a national charity providing help and support in all aspects of family life. Their helpline can give information, advice, guidance and support on any aspect of parenting and family life. Family Helpline: 0808 800 2222 Monday to Friday 9am-9pm, Saturday and Sunday 10am - 3pm.

In this section we explain the legal jargon we think you are likely to come across.

Acknowledgement (Form C7) - is the form the respondent uses to tell the court that they have seen the application about the arrangements for the children.

Acknowledgement of service – the respondent ‘acknowledges service’ when they reply to the court (usually by filling in and returning Form C7) agreeing that they have received the application about the children.

Allegation - a claim that someone has done something wrong.

Applicant – the name given to someone who applies to a court for a court order.

Application – how you ask a court to do something.

Bundle - an information pack that pulls together all the information and evidence relevant to the case in one place. It makes it easier to refer to information during a hearing.

C100 form - the application form that starts the process of asking for an
order about the arrangements for the children.

Cafcass – Cafcass stands for Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. Cafcass operates in England.

CAFCASS Cymru – CAFCASS stands for Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service. CAFCASS Cyrmru operates in Wales.

Cafcass officers (sometimes also called family court advisors) – are specialist social workers whose job is to help parents agree the arrangements for their children (where this is possible) and write reports for the court about the needs of children.

Child arrangements orders – an order which sets out the arrangements about who a child is to live, spend time or have contact with and when.

Confidential contact details Form C8 - the form you fill in if you don’t want to reveal your contact details (your address, telephone number, email address) or the contact details of your child or children. Form C8 is just for the court – so they know where you are and how to get hold of you. The information you give on it will be kept secret unless the court orders differently.

Directions on issue - instructions given at the very beginning of a case telling you what to do and when.

Dispute resolution – this refers to ways of sorting out disagreements without going to court. It includes methods such as mediation and arbitration.

Dispute Resolution Appointment (DRA) – this is a court hearing which takes place towards the end of the court’s involvement in your case. It gives you another opportunity to see if you can sort out your disagreement with the help of a judge.

File – you file something at court, for example legal forms or documents, when you either take or post them to the court office.

First Hearing Dispute Resolution Appointment (FHDRA) – the court hearing which takes place at the beginning of the court’s involvement in your case.

Hearing – the name given to a meeting with a judge or magistrates.

Issue – officially start court proceedings.

Litigant in person – this is what the law calls you if you represent yourself in court proceedings without the help of a solicitor or barrister.

Notice – a notice is a bit like a letter. They are the way courts tell you what is going on and what you need to do next.

Notice of hearing - this tells you that a court case has started and when and where your first meeting with a judge will take place.

Order for directions - this is a list of instructions telling you what to do and when.

Party – this kind of ‘party’ isn’t about balloons and dancing. It’s a person or group of people forming one side in a dispute.

Pre-action – before court proceedings start.

Proceedings – court action taken to settle a dispute.

Respondent – this is the name given to the person or people you have to give a copy of your application for a court order to. A respondent can then reply (respond) to your application.

Serve – delivery of court documents, usually by post. In some circumstances, the courts also allow delivery by email.

Settle – sort out the case with your ex or other family member by reaching an agreement.

Statement – this is a written summary of the background to the disagreement, any recent events that have caused the application and what should happen in the future.

Statement of issues - an issue is something you disagree about. A statement of issues is a brief summary of what you want the court to decide for you because you can’t agree them with your ex.

Welsh Family Proceedings Officers - are specialist social workers whose job is to help parents agree the arrangements for their children (where this is possible) and write reports for the court about the needs of children.

Disclaimer

The information in this guide applies to England and Wales and is for general purposes only. The law may be different if you live in Scotland or Northern Ireland.

The law is complicated. We have simplified things in the guide to give you an idea of how the law applies to you. Please don't rely on this guide as a complete statement of the law or as a substitute for getting legal advice about what to do in the specific circumstances of your case.

The cases we refer to are not always real but show a typical situation. We have included them to help you think about how to deal with your own situation.

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If you are representing yourself in court and would be willing to speak to a friendly journalist about your experience, how difficult it is, and anything you have found that has helped, please contact us.  You needn't use your real name if you don't want to. We would always check with you before passing any of your details on to anybody. 

Acknowledgement

This guide was originally written and produced by Advicenow with assistance from the Family Justice Council and updated thanks to funding from The Legal Education Foundation. We would like to thank all those who provided feedback on this guide.

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If you would like this guide in another format please email guides@lawforlife.org.uk