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Key points

  1. Appeals are much more likely to be successful than a mandatory reconsideration. 70% of people who take part in the appeal hearing, win.
  2. The decision at the Tribunal is made by an independent panel - not the DWP.
  3.  Ask for an appeal online or on the SSCS1 form. Explain which descriptors you meet and how
  4. Always choose to take part in the hearing. That could be face-to-face or via video or phone. 
  5. Ask for an appeal even if 1 month has passed since you got the mandatory reconsideration decision. It will usually be accepted up to 13 months. Just give reasons for the delay. 
  6. Make a list of which descriptors you meet.
  7. Look for what evidence you have or could get that shows which descriptors you meet. 
  8. Consider using our free WCA Tribunal Submission tool to set out your case. 
  9. If you win, your money is backdated to the date of your original claim or change of circumstances.

Unfortunately, in lots of places it is hard to get advice or representation to help with your appeal.  Most people have to do most or all of the work themselves or with the help of their family and friends. Advicenow’s information and tools will help you through the process.

You can ask for an appeal online or you can use a paper form. 

You can find both at Submit your appeal on GOV.UK

Both are easy-to-use and understand. If you use the online version, a record of what you have said is sent to your email address. If you use the form, try to keep a copy, or take a photo of each page with your phone.

If you would like to appeal online but need support, We Are Group can help. 

No matter which you use, there are four things that you should be aware of.

 

  1. You need to explain what you disagree with and why. 

    If you used our work capability assessment mandatory reconsideration tool to produce a letter, go to your email and find it. 

    Look at your decision letter. For the first activity that they didn’t award you the correct amount of points for, tell them what it is that you don’t agree with (for example, that they said you can cope with a minor unplanned change, when you cannot). And then you can copy and paste the wording from your mandatory reconsideration request letter that explains the difficulties you have with that activity (for example, I cannot cope with minor unplanned changes as I get very stressed and feel that I cannot cope. If the bus stop is closed for example, I will get upset and need to go home.) 

    (For less confident computer users, you do that by highlighting the text you wish to copy and pressing ctrl and C at the same time. Then go to where you want the text to appear and press ctrl and V at the same time).

    Repeat this for each of the activities you don’t think you have received the correct amount of points for. Make sure you mention all the activities you disagree with and why. 

    If you haven’t used our tool, look at your decision notice and the list of activities and descriptors on How limited capability for work points system works. Add each activity you don’t think you have scored the right number of points for, and explain all of the difficulties that you have with that activity and what help you need.  (Remember it doesn’t matter if you don’t get any help, also remember to include the help you give yourself - like taking a break or using something to help you).

    Remember to tell them ways in which not being entitled to the benefit or not being put in the right group would put you at substantial risk of harm (see How limited capability for work points system works for a reminder of the ‘substantial risk’ rules).

     

  2. If your appeal is not within one month, appeal anyway.

    You just need to explain why the delay was unavoidable or a result of your disability (for example, if you were unable to deal with it until now because you need help to deal with your post, or you have been particularly unwell).

  3. Choose to take part in the tribunal hearing. 

You will be asked whether you want to take part in a hearing or whether you want the case to be decided on the papers alone/without you being involved. You are much more likely to win if you have a chance to speak to the Tribunal and answer their questions. Do not worry, it will not be nearly as frightening as you might think. 

Most people win their appeals without needing new evidence, just by attending the hearing and answering questions about their disability or impairment and how it affects them.

Almost half of all hearings happen either by telephone or video now – and you can request a hearing like this if you prefer.  

Your chances of winning at an in-person hearing are slightly higher than those by phone or video, so if you could manage it, we would advise you to go with this option. But if you struggle to go places and are good with online - video hearings are also a really good option. The most important thing is that you take part. 

If you take part in a hearing, you can get extra help if you need it – for example, an interpreter, hearing loop, captions on your video, or an accessible tribunal room. You cannot bring your own interpreter to the hearing (but you can bring a friend or family member for moral support). If you say you need an interpreter HMCTS will arrange a professional interpreter.

4. Register with Manage your appeal

When you ask for an appeal online, you are sent a confirmation email which enables you to register for the Manage your appeal service. This service lets you keep track of how your appeal is progressing, and you can use it to upload evidence (including audio and video evidence if you want to). It will send you texts or emails to let you know that the DWP have responded to your appeal, to confirm evidence has been received, and when your hearing date has been scheduled. 

Alternatively, you can sign up by calling 0300 123 1142 Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 5:00pm or by emailing [email protected]. If you ask by email, you will need to include your name, National Insurance number, date of birth and postal address.

What next?

The HMCTS will send a copy of your appeal to the DWP and ask them to explain how they came to their decision. The DWP must do this within 28 days, although they can ask for an extension. You will receive a copy of their response in your appeal bundle.  

Don’t be put off by the size of it. It is often around 80-150 pages. Keep it safe. You will need it to prepare for your hearing.

You should start preparing now. 

What if the DWP calls me with an offer before the hearing?

Sometimes the DWP recognise at this point that you are entitled to a higher award. They usually phone you to tell you the award they now think you are entitled to. 

If this happens to you, it is great news if you believe the new award is correct.

If it is lower than the award you think you are entitled to, accept the award and then appeal that decision (without asking for a mandatory reconsideration). This will give you more money to live on while you wait for your appeal. To appeal you can take the same steps we mentioned above. You might have to wait until the DWP give you your new award before appealing again. 

Help to appeal online

If you want to apply online but need support to do so, and you can’t find an adviser, We Are Group can help.

They help with access to a device, or data, provide guidance and reassurance on how to use the online service, or give an appointment with someone who can do the typing for you.

If you would like their help phone the helpline on 03300 16 00 51 (Monday – Friday 9am-5pm).

Easy to follow and lots of advice. Great if you need to challenge a decision on your own. Helped my Dad get his decision overturned at appeal.

Mina

Full of excellent tips. I tell everyone about it.

Richard, Adviser

When will the hearing be?

How long it takes for the hearing to be scheduled varies from 5 to 12 months, depending on where you are in the country. Usually you will not get told the date of the hearing until 2-3 weeks before (you should be given at least 14-days notice unless you agreed to be given less on the form) so it’s important to start getting ready as soon as you can.

It is useful to know how long you have to prepare for your appeal. You can phone or email the tribunal centre dealing with your appeal and ask them how long you are likely to be waiting for a date for the hearing - be aware this is just a guide.
 

Manage your appeal

If you are OK with online things, it is a good idea to sign up to the Manage your appeal service. This service enables you to keep track of how your appeal is progressing, and you can use it to upload evidence (including audio and video evidence if you want to). It will send you texts or emails to let you know that the DWP have responded to your appeal, to confirm evidence has been received, and when your hearing date has been scheduled.

If you asked for an appeal online and gave them your email address, you will have received an email with a link to help you sign up. If you did not, you can sign up by calling 0300 123 1142 Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 5:00pm or by emailing [email protected]. If you ask by email, you will need to include your National Insurance number, date of birth and postal address.

Get advice

If you have not already tried to get advice, do so now (See How to find an adviser to help with your disability benefits). Some advisers may be able to help do some of this preparation for you. If you are lucky enough to find someone who can help with the preparation, make sure you are clear which things they are going to do for you, and which you need to do yourself.

Do not wait until you know the date of the tribunal, as most advice centres have a long waiting list.

Do you need help with your appeal?

If you are not getting any professional help to prepare for the hearing, you might want to ask somebody else to help you. You may not need any help, but it might stop it from feeling too stressful. It might be particularly useful if you are not very good with paperwork or deadlines.

If you do think it might be useful, think about who you could ask - do you have a family member, friend, neighbour, or someone who helps you who is good with paperwork and organising things? If you do ask someone, show them this information so they know how to help you.

Extremely valuable advice and very easy to understand. I would recommend to anyone who is in an appeal process to look at this guide.

J Griff

Look at the big pack of papers that you were sent by the DWP after you asked for an appeal. These explain why they made the decision they did.  

Many people get very confused by the inclusion of relevant test cases at the beginning. Don’t let them put you off.  If you don’t have time to become an expert on all the legal ins and outs of work capability assessment decisions, ignore these.

The most important part is the report from the medical assessment  - this has the code ‘UC85’ or ‘ESA85’ on it. Read through it and look for anything you don't agree with.

  • Did the assessor ask you the right questions and correctly record your answers?
  • Are there things in there that didn’t happen or don’t reflect your conversation?
  • If you had the assessment over the phone, did the assessor grasp the extent of your difficulties?
  • If your health condition or disability is better or worse on different days, did the assessor understand that?

    Make a note of all the things that are wrong. If you can, say why they are wrong. You can explain this to the tribunal and/or include it in your tribunal submission (using our free tribunal submission tool).

Do not be shocked if the assessment report is full of inaccuracies

This seems to happen horribly frequently. We have heard of completely incorrect diagnoses being recorded, easily verifiable physical conditions being ignored or incorrectly recorded, and records of whole conversations that never occurred. If you find this has happened to you, you are right to be angry about it – it is terrible - but don’t take it personally. It happens to a lot of people.  However, don’t get too focused on it. Appeal panels know how bad assessment reports often are and so it is easy to get them set aside in favour of other evidence/ what you say in the hearing.

If you are angry about it and have the energy for two things, put in a complaint to the DWP as they are ultimately responsible for the quality of assessments. If you are not satisfied by their response, the complaint will then go to a case examiner, and if you are still not satisfied your complaint can then go to the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman who has the ability to changes to the system as well as a solution for you personally. If you do this, please tell us about it

If you only have the energy for one thing though, focus on your appeal as that is the quickest way of getting your award changed.

You don’t necessarily need new evidence. Many appeals are won on the evidence you already have. 

That said, written evidence from their doctor or other professionals is very helpful. If you have a social worker, community psychiatric nurse, occupational therapist, support worker, or any other professional, evidence from them will be very useful too.

The most useful evidence will explain how your illness or disability affects you, and the help you need (paying particular attention to the descriptors that you meet).  This is unusual and complicated, so your doctor/social worker or other professional may not understand that.

If you are asking anyone for new evidence, send them How to write useful evidence for a Work Capability Assessment appeal. Tell them the particular activities and descriptors you believe you meet. When you ask them for evidence, ask for them to comment on those specifically.  It will help them to write evidence that will be really helpful to you.
Also tell them when the DWP made the decision you are appealing, as they need to talk about your condition at that time.
The best evidence will come from people who know you well and who understand your situation. If your GP does not know you well, try to get evidence from other professionals too. This could be your social worker or community psychiatric nurse, a paid support worker, a personal assistant, your occupational therapist, somebody who works at a day centre you go to, support staff at your school or college, or somebody else. 

 

Paying for medical evidence

GP's and other medical professionals are allowed to charge for evidence and many do. However, if they know you cannot afford it they are often willing to do it for free.

If your doctor suggests that he or she will charge you, tell them that it doesn’t need to be terribly long, and that it could be hand-written if this is quicker. Reassure them that it will only take the time of an appointment. Use How to write useful evidence for a Work Capability Assessment appeal and mark which descriptors you meet. Ask them to read it, so that they are sure of what you need from them.

If they insist on charging you, instead ask them for the last two years of your medical records, this is usually called a ‘patient medical summary’. They will give you this for free and it may contain useful information.

Evidence from your support worker, personal assistant, carer, or anybody that helps you 

If there is somebody who helps you a lot (this might be somebody you pay, or who helps you at college or work, or it might be your partner, a family member, or a friend), they may be able to write some very useful evidence too. 

Ask them to write a letter to the tribunal explaining what help they give you and how often

Show them the information for doctors and other professionals on How to write useful evidence for a Work Capability Assessment appeal  - it will help them to remember everything.

What evidence do you already have?

There may be useful evidence you already have or can easily get. 

Maybe you have letters from doctors or support services already that support your case? 

Perhaps you have had an occupational health assessment at work or for adaptations at home? 

Or young people may have an Education and Health Care Plan (EHCP), or a Disabled student grant assessment. 

If you have recently been assessed and awarded Personal Independence Payment (PIP) without difficulty it may be worth requesting that report and sending it in. (If you had to challenge the original decision, you can probably assume that the report will not be helpful. It is often in the tribunal papers anyway).  

Similarly, if you have successfully appealed a work capability assessment decision previously, send in that previous tribunal decision, or ask the tribunal office to find a copy of it and pass it to the new tribunal.
 

Write a diary

Think about keeping a diary of the difficulties and help you need each day.  It will help the tribunal panel to get a proper understanding of your situation. It is particularly helpful if your illness or disability is not the same every day.

Keep a diary for a week (or if you have a condition which changes /changes quite a lot, a longer period such as two weeks or a month will be helpful). 

It can be very brief. For example - 'Monday – Very confused today. Marie needed to remind and prompt me to do simple everyday tasks, and not to get distracted. We went to the shops and I needed help to cross the road safely’.  

Include everything that is connected to the activities and descriptors that entitlement to these benefits are based on (see  How to write useful evidence for a Work Capability Assessment appeal for the list).

If you get help from somebody and find this sort of thing hard, you could ask them to keep a diary of the help they have given you instead (as an alternative to the letter - see above).

Read all the evidence through - does it reflect your difficulties accurately? Does it sound like you? If it doesn't, you don't have to send it to the panel. 

If you don't think the evidence is useful it may be worth going back to the person who wrote it and discussing it with them. Look again at our advice in How to write useful evidence for a WCA application or appeal - is there anything they can add or change to make it more useful?

If you have got useful evidence, upload it (or if on paper, a photo of it) using the Manage your appeal service. Alternatively, photocopy it and send it into the HM Courts and Tribunal Service before your hearing. Send it as soon as you can. Sending the evidence in advance is useful because it maximises the chance of the DWP changing the decision in your favour before the hearing.

Have copies with you on the day, and ask the clerk or panel to confirm that they have received them before the hearing starts.

If you have not yet signed up to use the Manage your appeal service

You can create an account by going to the acknowledgement email you received after submitting your appeal and following the link. 

You can also create an account at any time after having asked for an appeal by contacting the benefit appeals helpline (0300 123 1142 or email [email protected]) and giving them an email address. If you email them, remember to include your name, address and National Insurance number.


1.    Write a submission for the Tribunal  - use our free WCA Tribunal Submission tool. It sets out your case and what decision you should have been given just like an adviser would. It also makes the day of the hearing much less stressful as you have already told the Tribunal which descriptors you meet and how. 
2.    Prepare for the day of the tribunal. See Work capability assessment tribunal hearings for what will happen at the hearing and what to do on the day. 

If you have asked someone to be with you for moral support, show them Supporting a friend or family at an appeal about their work capability? (If you press the logos at the top, you can send it to them via WhatsApp, email or Facebook.)
 

Find the appeal form or ask for an appeal online

You can find both the online system for asking for an appeal and the latest form to use if you wish to do it by hand/post at Submit your appeal on GOV.UK.

Speak to the DWP

Universal Credit

Telephone: 0800 328 5644
Textphone: 0800 328 1344
Monday to Friday, 8am to 6pm

Many people have reported a very frustrating experience when phoning the Universal Credit helpline as the call centre staff don’t seem to be trained very well.  It might be better to contact via the Universal Credit journal. If you select the "payments " option on the journal message filter the message will go to the case manager who will be better placed to help you. 

More information about appeals

GOV.UK

Benefit appeals come under the section known as the Social Security and Child Support Tribunal. You can find details about how to appeal, how to claim expenses, appeal venues and how to get to them, as well as other information about the appeal process on GOV.UK.
 

Citizens Advice

Citizens Advice have some helpful information about  Universal Credit and the work capability assessment, how claims are assessed, and how to appeal. 
www.citizensadvice.org.uk

WCAinfo

WCAinfo is really helpful if you are trying to find out a bit more about what a particular descriptor or regulation means. It’s by LASA and aimed very much at advisers, so it gets a bit complicated, but the introductory information is useful for lots of people.

 

Find an adviser

See How to find an adviser to help with your disability benefits.

Disclaimer

The information in this guide applies to England and Wales and Scotland. It will also be useful for people in Northern Ireland where the rules are the same bu the relevant departments are different. 

The law is complicated. We recommend you try and get advice from the sources we have suggested if you can.

The cases we refer to are not always real but show a typical situation. We have included them to help you think about how to deal with your own situation.

If you would like this guide in another format please email [email protected]

Acknowledgement

This guide was written and updated by Advicenow.

Advicenow would like to thank all those who provided advice and feedback on this guide, particularly Samantha Scarlett and David Shah.

Thanks to the Ministry of Justice for funding this update under the Online Support and Advice Grant. 

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